News of Pharmacy

The development of pharmaceutical biotechnology in Kharkiv: to the 125th anniversary of “Biolik” enterprise

Yu. M. Krasnopolsky — 2024-03-20

Aim. To study the development of pharmaceutical biotechnology in Ukraine on the example of the history of the Kharkiv enterprise “Biolik” over the past 125 years.

Materials and methods. Analytical and comparative research methods, as well as bibliosemantic review were used in the article.

Results and discussion. The development of the scientific and technological school of the enterprise “Biolik” in the production of drugs based on biotechnology, such as vaccines, serums, probiotics, artificial nanoparticles, etc., was studied covering the period from the end of the XIX-th century and to the present time.

Conclusions. It has been shown that the enterprise “Biolik” has a significant potential (production areas, equipment, technological documentation, staff, etc.). The enterprise can produce immune-biotechnological and original medicines. We can hope that this potential of the enterprise will allow it to successfully resume the production of high-tech drugs in Ukraine.

A comparative analysis of compounding aqueous extracts from the medicinal plant raw material in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory legal acts of Ukraine and the European Union

М. I. Fedorovska — 2024-03-20

In the world pharmaceutical practice, there are significant differences regarding the requirements for the technological parameters of aqueous extracts from medicinal plant raw materials.

Aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of the requirements of regulatory documents of Ukraine, the European Union and Poland regarding the compounding of water extracts from medicinal plant raw materials.

Materials and methods. Comparative analysis was carried out using systemic and structural-logical analysis. The object of research was normative legal acts regulating medicines compounding in Ukraine, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) XI ed., European Medicines Agency (EMA), Pharmacopoeia of Poland (PP) VI and IX ed., textbook "Farmacja stosowana, Technologia formaci leku; podręcznik dla studentów farmacji" and others.

Results and discussion. As a result of the analysis, a few distinctive features in the technology of water extracts from medicinal plant raw materials were revealed compared to the requirements of the EU and Poland. According to the requirements of European Pharmacopoeia and the European Medicines Agency, aqueous extracts from medicinal plant raw materials, so-called herbal teas, are prepared with the methods of maceration, infusion and decoction. Macerates are prepared from mucilaginous medicinal plant raw materials with the method of cold infusion at room temperature for 30 minutes. Infusions are usually prepared from delicate parts of the plant, while medicinal plant raw materials are poured with hot water with an initial temperature of 90-100 ºС and infused by gradually cooling the extract at room temperature for 5-15 minutes. Decoctions are usually prepared from roots, rhizomes and bark by boiling medicinal plant raw materials in a boiling water bath for 15-30 minutes, while the raw materials are initially poured with an extractant at room temperature, and after boiling, the extract is immediately filtered.

The compounding peculiarities of water extracts from medicinal plant raw materials in Poland are as follows: the ratio of medicinal plant raw materials to the extractant with weak biologically active substances is 1:10, with mucus-containing medicinal plant raw materials – 1:20; for medicinal plant raw materials with cardiac glycosides and alkaloids – 1:100; water extracts are prepared by mass, while water absorption coefficients or consumption coefficients are not taken into account; for acidification, 0.5 g of citric acid per 100 g of extractant is added to extracts from alkaloid-containing raw materials; macerates are prepared from mucilage-containing raw materials only by the cold infusion method (for example, flax seed macerate); infusions are prepared only from medicinal plant raw materials containing cardiac glycosides (Lily of the Valley herb, Adonis vernalis herb), where raw materials are poured with boiling water, infused in a water bath for 15 minutes and cooled at room temperature for 15 minutes; decoctions are always prepared from other types of medicinal plant raw materials, where the raw materials are poured with an extractant at room temperature, heated and boiled in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes, filtered without cooling.

Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the technological parameters of water extracts compounding from medicinal plant raw materials in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents of Ukraine, the European Union and the Republic of Poland was carried out. A number of differences have been established, particularly in the methods of recipes prescribing, features of calculations, in the ratio of medicinal plant raw materials to the extractant, temperature regimes, extraction time, medium pH, the concepts of the processes of maceration, infusion and decoction. It was found that compared to domestic regulations, the technological process in the EU and Poland is optimized in terms of time, energy and in some cases, raw material expenditure. The obtained results have a practical importance, as they are the basis for further scientific research on the substantiation of the influence of technological factors on the quantitative content of the main groups of biological active substances in the compounded water extracts.

The study on the development of the composition of chewable lozenges with probiotic properties. 1. Substantiation of the active substance

N. V. Dvinskykh — 2024-03-29

In recent times, a new understanding of the concept of probiotics has emerged – the use of their metabolites instead of living cells of microorganisms. They can both inhibit the development of pathogenic bacteria and effectively stimulate the reproduction of indigenous microflora. It is possible that metabiotics will be more effective than traditional live probiotics. Taking into account the prospects of new-generation probiotic drugs and the rapid growth of interest of
pharmaceutical market entities in such a new dosage form as lozenges, we have proposed to create chewable lozenges containing Lactobacillus exometabolites, which pharmacological action is aimed at preventing and treating an imbalance
of the oral cavity microflora.
Aim. To theoretically and experimentally substantiate the choice of the exometabolite complex of lactobacilli as the active substance of a medicinal product with probiotic properties in the form of chewable lozenges.
Materials and methods. The exometabolite complex of the Lactobacillus plantarum UCM-2693 strain was used as the study object. Acidity, the lactic acid content, the optical density of a microbial suspension, as well as the quantitative count of lactobacilli were determined in accordance with the generally accepted methods specified in the State
Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU).
Results and discussion. The bacteriotropic effect of the exometabolite complex of L. plantarum UCM-2693 was detected on lactobacilli of the probiotic drug “Lactobacterin-Biopharma” when cultured on a medium with exometabolites compared to the control sample. This technique has a stimulating effect on the acid formation, proliferation of
probiotic microorganisms, changes the characteristics of their growth phases, namely reduces the lag phase, accelerates the exponential phase, which can accelerate the onset of the therapeutic effect, and is the proof of the feasibility
of using this active substance in the composition of chewable lozenges with probiotic properties.
Conclusions. The choice of the exometabolite complex of lactobacilli as the active substance of a new drug from the group of metabiotics in the form of chewable lozenges has been substantiated. The exometabolite complex of lactobacilli has been obtained, and its bacteriotropic effect has been studied.

The study of the physicochemical properties of rectal cream samples with the carrot extract and rutin

Al Sayasneh Mohammad — 2024-03-20

The modern arsenal of drugs aimed at eliminating pathological processes of the anorectal zone, as a rule, consists of suppositories and soft drugs. When using suppositories, hemorrhoidal nodes may be injured, uneven distribution of the drug along the walls of the anal canal may be observed. In addition, with external and combined hemorrhoids, there is a need to apply the drug not only to the walls of the anal canal, but also to the perianal skin. Therefore, preference is given to the use of soft drugs since the process of their introduction is as easy as possible. Today, the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine has a wide range of products for the treatment of diseases of the anorectal zone, but the constant increase in the number of patients indicates that this problem has not been solved. Therefore, the study on the creation of a new rectal soft medicine that will have a complex effect on pathological processes and expand the range of domestic drugs for use in proctology is relevant.

Aim. To substantiate the type of base for a soft rectal medicine by studying the organoleptic and physicochemical properties of the experimental samples.

Materials and methods. The study objects were samples of a soft dosage form of various compositions and the reference drug “Procto-Glivenol Cream” (VAMPHARMA S.R.L., Italy). Samples on different carrier bases were examined by their organoleptic and textural properties; their colloidal and thermal stability, viscosity and pH were studied.

Results and discussion. It has been found that the use of a sample on a gel base with Aristoflex does not ensure the presence of an optimal adhesive layer between the mucous membrane of the anorectal zone and the dispersion medium of the drug. The proxanol-188 sample does not have satisfactory thermal and colloidal stability indicators. The use of an emulsion base provides the necessary ability to spread over the surface, adhesion and cohesion.

Conclusions. Therefore, for further research, it is advisable to use a sample of the rectal cream, which is an emulsion system.

The substantiation of the composition and technology of obtaining a microemulsion in laboratory conditions for pediatric use

O. O. Shmalko — 2024-03-20

Aim. To substantiate the composition and parameters of the technological process of obtaining a microemulsion with the essential oil of common fennel fruit for pediatric use.

Materials and methods. The study objects were experimental samples of an emulsion with fennel essential oil (active pharmaceutical ingredient), acacia, xanthan and guar gums, soy lecithin, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-100 stearate, glycerin monostearate, polysorbate-80 (emulsifiers) and purified water. Information-search, information-analytical, organoleptic, physicochemical, rheological and pharmacotechnological research methods were used. The rheological parameters were determined on a “Reotest-2” rotary viscometer (Germany) with coaxial cylinders, pH was measured potentiometrically on a pH‒150 MI pH-meter (Khimtest Ukraine+), thermal stability was determined in a SP50 drying cabinet. The microscopic studies of experimental emulsion samples were carried out using a Granum microscope with a Toupcam UCMOS video camera. The statistical processing of the data obtained was performed using Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets.

Results and discussion. The composition and technology of obtaining a microemulsion with the essential oil of fennel fruit in the conditions of a pharmacy for pediatric use were experimentally substantiated. The technological process consisted of the following stages: preparatory work, weighing of ingredients, mixing of ingredients, packaging, and registration of the drug for dispensing. The drug was manufactured in aseptic conditions. Standardization of the drug obtained was carried out: description, thermal and colloidal stability, pH value, viscosity, uniformity of the mass of doses extracted from multi-dose containers, mass of the contents of the container. The presence of anethole and terpenoids was proven by TLC method.

Conclusions. At the current level of development of the pharmaceutical industry, the improvement of providing consumers with high-quality medicines is implemented by choosing the optimal dosage form, the composition of excipients, rational technology, and the use of modern equipment.

The substantiation of the composition of the phytospecies for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases

N. I. Dubel — 2024-03-20

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of herbal medicines for the local treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. This can be explained by the significantly higher efficiency of a complex of biologically active substances of multicomponent herbal medicinal products compared to the action of one medicinal plant. Therefore, one of the most convenient dosage forms in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases is phytospecies from medicinal plants in the form of aqueous extracts for rinsing. Thus, the search for components of the herbal medicinal product that can be used in therapeutic dentistry is an urgent task for pharmacy.

Aim. To perform an informational search for medicinal plant raw material to substantiate the composition of the phytospecies in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases.

Materials and methods. The sources of information were the State Register of Medicines, phytotherapeutic directories and encyclopedias, folk medicine formulas of phytospecies used in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. The methods of information search, generalization and system analysis were used in the work.

Results and discussion. We analyzed medicinal products of traditional and folk medicine, which were used to treat inflammatory periodontal diseases. According to the results of the studies conducted, it was n found that at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine herbal medicinal products of domestic production for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases prevailed over foreign ones. In patient information leaflets for the herbal medicines analyzed, it was noted that the drugs exhibited various types of pharmacological activity; anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, pain-relieving, and astringent effects were the most common. It was found that herbal medicinal products in the form of gels and phytospecies were most often used in dental practice. Most products were single-component. The analysis showed that 20 species of medicinal plants belonging to 14 families were included in the composition of herbal medicinal products for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases; among them the representatives of the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families were the leading ones. When analyzing the formulas of folk medicine phytospecies, it was determined that they included 15 species of plants belonging to 10 families, the predominant among them were also species of the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families. In formulas of traditional medicine, the largest number was one-component products from flowers, leaves or herb of plants, from which the preparation of infusions was recommended. In order to study the repeatability of the plant raw material in herbal medicinal products of traditional and folk medicine, we systematized them by blocks. To create the phytospecies for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases based on blocks, we selected the plant raw material most often repeated in the products of traditional and folk medicine. Thus, chamomile flowers, oak bark, sage leaves, yarrow herb and St. John’s wort herb were selected to create the phytospecies.

Conclusions. The article outlines approaches to the search for the promising medicinal plant raw material to create a new multicomponent dental medicine, namely the data on the components of traditional medicines and the formulas of folk medicine phytospecies with the definition of the most commonly used medicinal plants, their parts, stable combinations have been systematized for the theoretical substantiation of the possible herbal ingredients of the phytospecies.

The study of the diuretic activity and pharmacotechnological properties of a dry extract of Salvia sclarea L. growing in Tajikistan

S. B. Kholov — 2024-03-20

Aim. To study the pharmacological activity of a dry extract of clary sage (DECS) growing in Tajikistan and its pharmacotechnological properties as basic stages in the development of the composition and technology of hard gelatin capsules with its content.

Materials and methods. For the studies, we used DECS standardized by the content of the total amount of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids. The quantitative content of the total amount of flavonoids was not less than 13.0 % calculated with reference to apigenin, and the quantitative content of the total amount of hydroxycinnamic acids was not less than 1.2 % calculated with reference to rosmarinic acid. The pharmacotechnological properties of DECS were studied according to methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU).

Results and discussion. During screening, all doses of DECS studied showed a moderate diuretic activity. Thus, when using DECS in the dose of 100 mg/kg, the relative volume of the urine excreted by rats for 5 hours increased by 1.9 times, in the dose of 200 mg/kg – by 2.0 times, in the dose of 300 mg/kg – by 1.8 times compared to the same indicator in the negative control group (p˂0.05). When studying the complex of pharmacotechnological properties, it was found that DECS was a finely dispersed amorphous powder with particles of isodiametric form. DECS had an average bulk weight of 0.515 ± 0.002 g/mL, and the fluidity assessment showed that DECS had a very poor flowability, which value in the vibration mode of the device was 2.8 ± 0.1 g/s. According to the study of the fractional composition, DECS had a clearly expressed fine fraction with a particle size of less than 0.25-0.09 mm 84.68 %.

Conclusions. Taking into account the results of the study of the diuretic activity and scientific literature data on the spectrum of the pharmacological activity of Salvia sclarea L, it is rational to consider DECS as a potential combined agent for enhancing the diuretic effect or in diseases of the urinary system accompanied by edema and inflammatory processes. The study of the pharmacotechnological indicators of DECS allows predicting the need to use certain groups of excipients to develop the composition and technology of capsules with its content, namely antifriction substances to improve fluidity and disintegrants to improve capsule disintegration, as well as substances that contribute to the compaction of bulk mass and moisture-regulating agents.

The substantiation of the choice of an extractant for obtaining extractions of the overground part of Lespedeza bicolor

K. E. Kiselyova — 2024-03-20

Aim. To substantiate the choice of an extractant when obtaining extractions of the overground part of Lespedeza bicolor.

Materials and methods. The study object was the crushed overground part of Lespedeza bicolor. Extraction was carried out with purified water, 40 % and 70 % water-alcohol solution by the method of fine maceration and using a device for ultrasound extraction. Analytical studies were performed by the appropriate identification reactions, by the method of thin-layer chromatography on Silica gel 60 chromatographic plates of the Merk company; spectrophotometric tests were carried out on an Evolution 60s spectrophotometer using reagents meeting the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine.

Results and discussion. Chemical reactions identified the presence of flavonoid substances, phenols, tannins, and hydrocarbons in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Lespedeza bicolor. Tannins identified by thin-layer chromatography were structurally similar to pyrogallol, polysaccharides were structurally similar to fructose, most flavonoids were similar to rutin, and most hydroxycinnamic acids were similar to chlorogenic acid. By the spectrophotometric method it was found that extraction with 40 % and 70 % water-alcohol solution contributed to a more complete extraction of flavonoids similar in structure to rutin, and 40 % ethanol gave substances of the polyphenolic structure calculated with reference to gallic acid.

Conclusions. Based on the research results, tannins, flavonoid substances, phenols and hydrocarbons have been identified in aqueous and alcoholic extractions of Lespedeza bicolor. A more complete extraction of polyphenols with 40 % ethanol, and flavonoids with 40 and 70 % ethanol has been experimentally confirmed. It has been experimentally found that in a ratio of 1:7.5, extractions contain more BAS, but their more complete extraction occurs in a ratio of 1:10. The studies have shown the prospects of using an ultrasonic device for the medicinal raw plant material extraction as it makes it possible to intensify the extraction of BAS compared to the maceration method.

The substantiation for the choice of excipients in the composition of “Viburnicor” tablets and the technology of their production

A. O. Yaroshenko — 2024-03-20

Aim. To substantiate the choice of excipients in order to manufacture tablets with cardioprotective and membrane-stabilizing effects based on the Viburnum opulus fruit liquid extract (VOFLE).

Materials and methods. The study subject is a liquid extract developed on the basis of Viburnum opulus L. and its excipients approved for medical use. Organoleptic, physicochemical and pharmacotechnological research methods were used in the study. Statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out according to generally accepted statistical methods using Excel (MS Office 2019) and Statistica 8.0 (StatSoftInc., USA). The data obtained were analyzed using the methods of variation statistics. The acceptable significance level was p < 0.05.

Results and discussion. According to the results of the tests conducted, the pharmacotechnological properties of 8 test samples of masses for tablets with VOFLE were studied, their indicators for disintegration, fluidity and pressability were determined; based on them, the rational composition of tablets under the conditional name “Viburnicor” was substantiated. Drafts of technological regulations were developed, considering the technological equipment of the production site of the workshop in the conditions of the Pharmaceutical Company “Zdorovye” LLC (Kharkiv). The results of the experimental studies were used to develop a flowchart of the technological process for manufacturing the cardioprotective and membrane-stabilizing tablets based on the plant substance VOFLE and a hardware scheme tested in industrial conditions at Pharmaceutical Company “Zdorovye” LLC (Kharkiv), as well as to establish controlled technological parameters for each stage of the technological process of manufacturing the medicine developed in the form of tablets.

Conclusions. As a result of the pharmacotechnological and physicochemical studies conducted to substantiate the choice of excipients for cardioprotective and membrane-stabilizing tablets based on the Viburnum opulus fruit liquid extract, the rational composition and optimal technology for manufacturing the herbal medicine developed in industrial conditions of domestic drug production have been proposed.

Methods of mathematical planning of the experiment and their use in the development of the composition of the ointment with essential oil thymus vulgaris l. For vaginal application

L. A. Fukleva — 2024-03-20

One of the most important pharmaceutical factors is excipients, their nature and quantity, which increase the pharmacological activity and safety of APIs by creating dosage forms that are optimal in composition, properties, and type, and/or by changing the chemical modification of the molecule responsible for the pharmacological effect of the
active substance. Variability or variation in the number of excipients and the use of different excipients with the same intended functionality can complicate the release rate and bioavailability of drugs. The use of mathematical methods
at the stage of the experiment planning reduces the total number of experiments and at the same time provides reliable results.
Aim. To study the most used types of mathematical planning of the experiment, and select the most acceptable model for developing the optimal composition of a vaginal ointment with the thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil.
Results and discussions. To develop the optimal composition of the ointment, 10 bases containing various excipients (factor A) and 6 excipients as an emulsifier (factor B) were used. The concentration of the thyme essential oil was 5 % in all samples. The degree of thymol release in the in vitro study using the equilibrium dialysis method was chosen as the criterion for choosing the optimal composition. The selection of excipients for the development of a soft
dosage form was carried out using the method of the a priori ranking since both bases and emulsifiers were selected as the most widely used in the pharmaceutical technology, with known characteristics, safety profile, application experience.
Conclusions. The degree of influence of each factor has been determined, and the series of Duncan’s test have been constructed for each factor – by factor a: а3 > а5 > а4 > а6 > а2 > а8 > а7 > а10 > а9> а1, and by factor b: b2 > b3 > b5 > b4 > b6 > b1. Based on the mathematical planning of the experiment, an ointment base and an emulsifier for developing the composition of a vaginal gel with the thyme oil have been determine.

The study of the professional activity of pharmacy specialists in modern conditions

M. V. Zarichkova — 2024-03-20

Aim. To study the peculiarities of the professional activity of pharmacists in dispensing medicines and other pharmacy products in modern conditions, characterized by a high level of risks and uncertainties.

Materials and methods. Materials and methods are based on the use of statistical, scientific and monographic materials and the results of our personal research. Scientific methods of analysis, abstract and logical, comparison, surveys, and sociological (questionnaires) methods using Google forms were applied. A total of 194 рharmacy specialists (PhS) took part in the survey. The results were processed using modern Microsoft Excel software products.

Results and discussion. The general requirements for the organization of the pharmacist’s workplace for dispensing medicines have been determined. Important professional and business qualities of the personality of PhS (14 in total) have been identified, among which the first place is occupied by the presence of pharmaceutical education, the conditions for successful professional activity (20 directions), a list of individual practical actions that PhS perform most often (13 actions). The necessary practical skills that PhS should possess in today’s conditions (10 skills) have been identified. The features of pharmacy visitors and their requests during communication with PhS have been studied. Possible options for communication between them and professional response of PhS from the point of view of professional ethics and deontology, respectful attitude to visitors under any conditions have been clarified. The peculiarities of communication between PhS and other healthcare specialists, including doctors, and colleagues in the pharmacy team have been determined.

Conclusions. The results of the survey made it possible to determine the peculiarities of the professional activity of PhS in modern conditions. The correct assessment and rational use of human resources can have a positive impact on the economic performance of the pharmacy, pharmaceutical supply of the population, medical military and civilian institutions in today’s conditions under the influence of crisis phenomena.

Assessment of loyalty factors of employees in pharmaceutical organizations

I. V Sofronova — 2024-03-20

Aim. To determine the factors affecting the level of loyalty of pharmacists and assess their importance.
Materials and methods. Survey (questionnaire), methods of logical and graphic analysis, grouping and generalization, descriptive statistics were used.
Results and discussion. Based on the results of a questionnaire survey of pharmacists working in pharmaceutical institutions of Ukraine, the factors affecting the increase in loyalty of pharmacy employees have been assessed.
All factors of influence are divided into categories, each of which includes three factors related to direction and content. It has been found that financial incentives, stability, safety and working conditions have the greatest influence on the loyalty of pharmacists to the company where they work. It has been noted that in these categories, high wages, an adequate, fair and transparent system of bonuses, a convenient work schedule, stability and confidence in the future, and
the availability of a social package have the greatest impact on loyalty. Categories, such as respect and recognition of achievements, corporate culture and development opportunities, have an average impact. Respondents believe that
the categories of factors related to the organization of management, relationships in the team and the content of work have a lesser influence on their loyalty level. The “Pyramid of the staff loyalty” has also been developed. It reflects the
importance of factors for creating and maintaining an employee’s sense of loyalty to the company. Its connection with the levels formulated in the Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs has been noted.
Conclusions. Using the questionnaire survey method, the factors affecting the creation and increase of the employees’ loyalty in pharmaceutical organizations have been assessed according to the degree of their importance.
The results of the study can be used by managers of pharmaceutical organizations to implement measures to increase
the staff loyalty.

The development of energy saving measures as a basis of ensuring energy efficiency in higher education institutions in healthcare of Ukraine

M.P. Nosachenko — 2024-03-29

The implementation of efficient energy management systems (EnMS) to meet the requirements of ISO 50001 is an urgent problem, taking into account the aggravation of the issue of energy supply and energy saving in the country, especially in the conditions of martial law. The main issue facing higher education institutions (HEIs) of Ukraine when creating rational activities for the use of energy resources is the implementation of an energy management system to meet the requirements of DSTU ISO 50001:2020. The main problems faced by all HEIs now are revision of legislation, rising prices and cost of energy resources, high inflation, frequent exchange rate changes. EnMS will allow each institution to monitor energy consumption and provide an opportunity to develop and implement effective energy saving projects.

Aim. To theoretically substantiate and propose practical energy saving measures for a higher education institution (HEI) in the healthcare sector of Ukraine within the framework of the implemented energy management system.

Materials and methods. The research materials were data from scientific publications, statistical reports and the results of own research, in particular measures for the energy modernization of electric lighting in public areas of educational buildings of HEI. Such scientific methods as the method of content analysis, comparative analysis, the method of generalization and systematization of information, as well as the methods of mathematical and statistical calculations were applied.

Results and discussion. The calculation of electricity costs and savings for lighting public areas of all educational buildings of HEI of healthcare of Ukraine has been carried out, and the need for lighting equipment has been formed. The total electricity savings during the energy modernization of lighting in educational buildings of HEI of healthcare of Ukraine and the total economic efficiency from the electricity savings have been calculated. It has been found that the energy efficiency during the energy modernization of lighting in the educational buildings of HEI is 25,126 kWh/year, and the total economic efficiency from electricity savings is 69,600 UAH/year.

Conclusions. Energy saving measures have been proposed as part of the implemented energy management system, which will make it possible to significantly save electricity and reduce the financial costs for its purchase and distribution. This, in turn, will allow HEI to form its own general energy supply strategy aimed at improving both energy efficiency and overall operational efficiency.

Development of the composіtіon and technology of the herbal mixture with the cerebroprotectіve actіon

M. V. Marchenko — 2024-03-29

Aіm. To determine the prospects for using the plant raw material for the creation of herbal medicines with the cerebroprotective effect, as well as to develop the composition and technology of a new medicine of natural origin.

Materіals and methods. The study objects were black horehound (Ballota nigra L.) herb, white dead nettle (Lamium album L.) herb, and Austrian wormwood (Artemisia austriaca) herb. Experimental studies were conducted using modern physical, physicochemical, pharmacotechnological, and mathematical methods of analysis.

Results and dіscussіon. Based on the analysis of scientific sources on the situation with cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) and the range of drugs for their treatment, it has been proven that to improve the quality of therapy, it is rational to conduct a complex pharmacotherapy with the use of herbal medicines. We have proposed a new drug with the cerebroprotective action based on the plant raw material. The medicinal product was obtained in the form of the herbal mixture, which included black horehound herb, white dead nettle herb, and Austrian wormwood herb. The rational technology of the drug has been theoretically and experimentally substantiated. A block diagram of the herbal mixture has been developed, and the critical parameters of its production have been determined. The pharmacotechnological studies of the plant raw material and the drug obtained have been conducted.

Conclusіons. Based on the results of the work conducted, the data scientific sources on the spread of CVD have been analyzed and summarized; the expediency of using the plant raw material in medicines for a complex pharmacotherapy of CVD has been proven; the composition and technology of the drug from black horehound herb, white dead nettle herb, and Austrian wormwood herb in the form of the herbal mixture with the cerebroprotective action for internal use have been developed.

A model design for managing technological parameters at the stage of the pharmaceutical development of antidiabetic drugs in the form of solid dosage forms

Ye. P. Bohuslavskyi — 2024-03-29

Aim. To develop a model for managing technological parameters at the stage of the pharmaceutical development of an antidiabetic drug in tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin.

Materials and methods. In the study conducted, the methods of system and comparative analysis, generalization, statistical processing and synthesis were used in determining the projected prospects, design, modeling, mathematical modeling, tabular and graphic means of presenting the results. To implement the goals and objectives of the study, software and electronic resources of the Anatomical Therapeutically Chemical Classification System (ATC), Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), Compendium, State Register of Medicines of Ukraine were used; statistical data and data from clinical studies of the content were as follows: https://www.wipo.int; https://www.dec.gov.ua; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov; https://eacpt.org; https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com. The study was conducted on the modern equipment for determining the bulk density (ERWEKA SVM 202, Germany), the flowability of powders (ERWEKA GT, Germany), resistance to crushing (ERWEKA TBH-525 WTO, Germany), friability (ERWEKA TAR 200, Germany), disintegration (ERWEKA ZT 33, Germany). The active ingredient in tablets of the antidiabetic drug is API calculated with reference to the content of dapagliflozin, 5 mg. The following excipients from the groups of fillers (factor A) were used: a₁ – microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) of grade 200, a₂ – lactose monohydrate of grade 80, a₃ – a mixture of MCC of grade 102 with anhydrous lactose of grade 22 AN in the ratio of 3:1; disintegrants (factor B): b₁ – crospovidone XL-10, b2 – sodium croscarmellose, b₃ – sodium starch glycolate, glidants (factor C): c₁ – colloidal anhydrous silicon dioxide (aerosil 200), c₂ – talc, c₃ – polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000, as well as magnesium stearate as a lubricant. The experimental data were subjected to statistical processing by the method of variance analysis.

Results and discussion. The development and introduction of new pharmaceuticals, effective analogs and generics is an important task as it contributes to the improvement of the quality of drug supply, treatment and safe use for patients with diabetes mellitus. A model for managing technological parameters at the stage of the pharmaceutical development has been developed; the target quality profile of the antidiabetic drug and tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin has been substantiated, and critical quality indicators have been determined. According to the model proposed, the optimal composition and technology of antidiabetic tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin calculated with reference to dapagliflozin, 5 mg, have been developed using an experiment planning matrix based on a 3*3 hyper-Greek-Latin square of the second order; the excipients have been selected; the effect of qualitative and quantitative factors and technological parameters on the pharmaco-technological properties of the tablet masses studied and tablet quality indicators, as well as critical indicators of the quality of the pharmaceutical product have been determined. Experimental studies and risk assessment have been carried out; based on the results, the optimal parameters of the technological process for the production of the antidiabetic drug in tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin – dapagliflozin have been substantiated.

Conclusions. Based on the results of the system analysis of the application of mathematical models in the production of pharmaceutical forms, it has been determined that mathematical modeling is a key stage for ensuring the quality of the technological process at the stage of the pharmaceutical development of an antidiabetic drug in tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin. The use of mathematical modeling in the course of the pharmaceutical development allows optimization at the stage of the experimental research of API, its polymorphic form, physico-chemical properties and pharmaco-technological indicators. A model for managing technological parameters at the stage of the pharmaceutical development has been proposed; the target quality profile of the antidiabetic drug and tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin has been substantiated; the optimal composition and technology of this pharmaceutical product has been developed.

Development of conditions for isolation of antidepressant paroxetine from biological fluids

S. A. Karpushyna — 2024-03-20

Aim. To develop optimized conditions for isolating the new antidepressant paroxetine from model blood and urine samples by the liquid extraction followed by the determination of the analyte using the UV spectrophotometric method.

Materials and methods. The studies were performed with model samples of the donor blood and urine spiked with paroxetine. In the sample preparation of blood, the form elements were previously precipitated by 10 % solution of trichloroacetic acid. Endogenous impurities were removed by the extraction purification with chloroform from an acidic medium at pH 1, and paroxetine was extracted from the biological fluids under study with ethyl acetate at pH 10. The organic extracts obtained were further purified using the TLC method. After that, the determination of paroxetine in the eluates obtained from chromatograms was performed using the UV spectrophotometric method.

Results and discussion. The R_f value of paroxetine in the mobile phase of ethyl acetate-methanol-25 % ammonium hydroxide solution (85:15:10) was 0.42 ± 0.02. The UV spectra of eluates from chromatograms had absorption maxima at wavelengths of 265 ± 2, 272 ± 2 and 293 ± 2 nm and matched with the UV spectrum of a standard solution of paroxetine in 0.1 M solution of hydrochloric acid. The quantitative determination was performed at λ_max293 nm according to the equation of the calibration curve y=0.0094x–0.02. The methods developed allowed to isolate 70.0 ± 4.0 % of paroxetine from the urine, 26.0 ± 3.0 % from the blood plasma and additionally 5.4 ± 0.6 % of the antidepressant studied from the blood cell sediment after its preliminary separation from the blood plasma.

Conclusions. The optimized conditions for sample preparation of model blood and urine samples by the liquid extraction method in relation to paroxetine have been determined. The results obtained are of applied practical significance for creating an algorithm in the toxicological study of biological fluids for the presence of this antidepressant in fatal drug intoxications.

The study of some pharmacognostic aspects of Ferula persica Wild. (Apiaceae) roots in the flora of Azerbaijan

E. H. Kerimli — 2024-03-20

Aim. To determine the component composition of the monoterpene fraction of F. persica roots and identify the localization of biologically active substances in the raw material.

Materials and methods. The identification and quantitative analysis were performed using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The raw material was collected during the full seed ripening in the vicinity of the village Dzhangi in the Gobustan region of Azerbaijan.

Results and discussion. Using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, 15 compounds of monoterpenes were identified. The predominant components were heneicosane – 5.10 %; tetradecane – 3.29 %; disulfide, bis(1-methylpropyl) – 2.86 %; heptadecane – 2.50 %; 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid 2,3-bis(acetyloxy)propyl ester – 2.39 %; thiophene, 2,3,4-trimethyl- – 2.05 % in the dry raw material. In addition, it was found that resin was localized in large schizogenous receptacles.

Conclusions. The content of monoterpenes in F. persica roots has been determined using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The roots contain monoterpenes of heneicosane; tetradecane; disulfide, bis(1-methylpropyl); heptadecane; 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid 2,3-bis(acetyloxy)propyl ester. Thiophene and 2,3,4-trimethyl predominate in the raw material.

A post-traumatic stress disorder in military servicemen and war veterans

T. V. Volosheniuk — 2024-03-20

Aim. To analyze the characteristics of the incidence of a post-traumatic stress disorder in military servicemen and war veterans in order to search for new methods of diagnosis and treatment.

Materials and methods. The analysis of the data of a secret questionnaire of doctors (psychiatrists, neuropathologists) regarding changes in character, complaints about anxiety after returning from the war zone in military servicemen and war veterans was used.

Results and discussion. Since the start of russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, there has been a brutal, exhausting war bringing a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on a par with Ukraine’s leading health problems.

By monitoring foreign sources and literature, which more broadly highlight the problems of military personnel and war veterans with experience of working in such harsh conditions, a study on the prevalence of a post-traumatic stress disorder was conducted.

Conclusions. Therefore, it is promising to conduct further research to improve understanding of the prevalence of a post-traumatic stress disorder in military servicemen and war veterans, which remains one of the “young” diagnoses in Ukraine and in world psychiatry. In the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), it is designated by the code F43. 1 and is included in the section F40-F48 “Anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and other nonpsychotic mental disorders”.

The study of antidepressant properties of new 1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives

I. V. Botsula — 2024-03-29

Anxiety-depressive disorders are among the most common mental health conditions and often cause significant functional impairment, affecting a person’s quality of life. Research conducted in recent years indicate the importance of studying and searching for new substances based on benzodiazepines, in particular triazolobenzodiazepines, for the treatment of anxiety states and disorders, as well as determining the presence of other biological activities of these compounds.

Aim. To study the antidepressant activity of new derivatives of 1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-benzodiazepines in the Porsolt forced swim and tail suspension tests.

Materials and methods. The antidepressant activity of new 1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives under the code MA-252, MA-253, MA-254, MA-255 and MA-261 was studied in the Porsolt forced swim and tail suspension tests. The following behavioral reactions, such as the latent period of the first immobility (more than 5 seconds), the total duration of immobility (staying in a stationary state), the number of immobile episodes, were recorded.

Results and discussion. During the study, a decrease in the total duration of immobility, the main indicator of “despair” of animals, and an increase in the latent period of the first immobility were monitored. It may indicate the manifestation of antidepressant properties of new 1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives. The indicator of the antidepressant activity in groups of animals administered MA-253, MA-254 and MA-255 derivatives in all doses was higher among the groups studied. The depression index was the lowest when MA-253 and MA-254 derivatives were used in the dose of 1 mg/kg, and was not statistically significantly different from that in the group receiving imipramine in the dose of 25 mg/kg. According to the results of the tail suspension test, 1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives MA-253, MA-254 and MA-255 showed a significant decrease in the total duration of immobilization by 69.4 %, 47.1 % and 33.1 %, respectively, in relation to the control group (p<0.05), as well as an increase in the latent period of the onset of the first immobility episode by several times.

Conclusions. A decrease in the duration of immobility in mice injected with 1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives gives grounds to draw a conclusion that animals develop a state of “behavioral despair” and exhibit antidepressant properties.