News of Pharmacy

Advances in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: the structure, development strategies, and innovative forms

2026-02-09T16:36:04+02:00

Aim. To comprehensively analyze the evolution of monoclonal antibody production technologies, ranging from classical hybridoma methods to modern transgenic platforms, with an assessment of their impact on the development of fully human, bispecific, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

Materials and methods. The study is based on a systematic literature review of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, as well as regulatory sources (FDA Purple Book, EMA Medicines database).

Results. The hybridoma technology developed in 1975 laid the foundation for the first monoclonal antibodies (mAbs); however, their murine origin resulted in high immunogenicity (HAMA). Evolution led to the development of chimeric and humanized mAbs with 95 % homology to human IgG to reduce HACA/HAHA responses. Fully human mAbs are currently generated using a phage display, the single B-cell isolation, and transgenic animals. Transgenic platforms (XenoMouse, HuMabMouse, VelocImmune, OmniAb) provide the in vivo maturation with a complete human repertoire. Bispecific antibodies (bsAb) minimize toxicity through the T-cell activation or pathway blockade, while antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) deliver cytotoxic agents selectively.

Conclusions. The evolution of mAb production methods has made it possible to minimize immunogenicity and optimize the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. The introduction of bsAbs and ADCs has expanded the potential for selective immunotherapy. Future developments in the field are linked to the integration of artificial intelligence for the CDR design, the application of CRISPR/Cas9, and the engineering of multi-specific antibodies to overcome tumor resistance and treat neurodegenerative diseases.

The study of the rheological properties of a cosmetic cream based on the prebiotic Biolin P

2025-11-27T03:10:09+02:00

Aim. To study the rheological characteristics of model samples of an oil-in-water emulsion-type cosmetic cream based on the prebiotic Biolin P with different combinations of emulsifiers and thickeners in order to assess their non-Newtonian behavior, thixotropic properties, and the effect of the formulation composition on the structural and mechanical parameters of cream systems.

Materials and methods. The study objects were model samples of cosmetic creams based on the prebiotic Biolin P with different combinations of emulsifiers, thickeners, and active components. The structural and mechanical properties of the samples were examined using a Brookfield DV-III Ultra rotational viscometer (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, USA) with a CPE 44Y cone/plate spindle, which allowed determination of the dynamic viscosity, rheological behavior, and structural and mechanical characteristics of the samples studied, which was important for assessing their stability and consumer properties.

Results. The work presents the results of the rheological studies of model samples of cosmetic creams based on the prebiotic Biolin P. It was found that their structural and mechanical properties significantly depended on the formulation composition, in particular on the type of emulsifiers and thickeners. The samples studied showed non-Newtonian behavior confirmed by a decrease in dynamic viscosity with an increase in the shear rate. The most pronounced thixotropic properties and rapid structural recovery after mechanical stress were observed in samples with Emulsiphos, Olivem 1000, and Montanov 200 emulsifiers. The addition of the thickener Lanol P led to an increase in the hysteresis loop area, indicating slowed structural recovery of the system. The results obtained showed that an initial viscosity in the range of 2300–3800 mPa·s provided an optimal balance of fluidity and ease of application, while its increase to 4500–5300 mPa·s enhanced the temperature stability of the cream but negatively affected its consumer properties when applied to the skin.

Conclusions. Rheological characteristics are of practical significance for the selection and adjustment of technological parameters in the processes of mixing, emulsification, and filling, and they also determine the tactile and organoleptic properties of the cream, in particular the ease of spreading, absorption rate, and sensory feel after application; it directly affects the consumer perception of the product. The studies evaluating the influence of the formulation composition on the structural and mechanical properties of cream systems can be used to optimize the composition of cosmetic creams with prebiotics.

Technological and physicochemical parameters of “Rovada” Ribes rubrum L. berries

2026-01-04T20:55:32+02:00

The medicinal plant raw material (MPRM) of red currant (Ribes rubrum L.) belonging to the gooseberry family (Grossulariaceae) is a valuable source of biologically active substances (BAS). The raw material of Ribes rubrum L. has a rich chemical composition and exhibits diuretic, anti-inflammatory, choleretic, and vitaminizing properties. It is relevant to conduct a pharmacognostic study of Ribes rubrum L. as a promising raw material for official medicine.

Aim. To perform a comprehensive pharmacognostic analysis of the MPRM of Ribes rubrum L., in particular, determine technological and physicochemical properties, as well as assess the content of polysaccharides and pectic substances in the samples selected.

Materials and methods. Berries and leaves of “Rovada” Ribes rubrum L. were selected for the study. To evaluate the technological parameters of the raw material, the mass of fresh and dried berries, the juice volume obtained by pressing, as well as fresh and dried pomace were determined using the gravimetric method. The content of free organic acids was determined according to the pharmacopoeial method. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS) and pectic substances (PS) in Ribes rubrum L. berries was assessed gravimetrically.

Results. “Rovada” red currant is one of the most widespread and economically valuable varieties. During the study, the content of free organic acids in the samples of the MPRM was quantitatively determined. It was found that the average berry yield per bush of “Rovada” red currant amounted to 3.96 kg. The main technological parameters of the berries were evaluated, and the content of pectic substances was determined, indicating the feasibility of using red currant berries as a promising raw material for obtaining natural sorbents and a source of soluble dietary fiber.

Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that “Rovada” red currant berries are a promising raw material for the production of natural sorbents. Due to the high content of BAS and pectic substances, this raw material has a significant potential for use in the production of functional food products, dietary supplements, and pharmaceuticals aimed at improving digestion, eliminating toxic substances, and overall strengthening of the body.

The development of a tablet formulation of quercetin with the carrot extract with improved solubility for the atherosclerosis prevention

2026-04-07T11:38:07+03:00

The primary goal in the development of tablet dosage forms is to ensure their quality, safety, and therapeutic effectiveness. In addition to containing the required amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), a tablet must meet specific technological parameters that ensure stability, consistent dose uniformity, and ease of use for the patient. The determination of pharmacotechnological mass parameters during tableting is of particular importance as this factor directly affects the accuracy of the active substance dosing, formulation homogeneity and uniform distribution of the API, as well as the mechanical strength and resistance of tablets to fracture. In addition, these parameters significantly influence biopharmaceutical characteristics, including the disintegration time and drug release rate. In the development of tablets intended for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, pharmacotechnological considerations become even more critical.

Aim. To study the pharmacotechnological parameters of tablet formulations, which is a fundamental task in pharmaceutical technology as it determines the success of the drug development and further clinical application of the medicine.

Materials and methods. A tableting blend and tablet samples previously designated as “Carocetin” were used as the study objects. The study employed methods regulated by the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU). In addition, the coefficients of vibration compaction and heterogeneity, as well as the angle of collapse, were determined. The tablet quality was assessed based on the mechanical strength, friability, disintegration time, and the coefficients of compaction and compressibility.

Results. It has been found that the use of a solid dispersion of quercetin with polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 improves its technological properties and creates prerequisites for enhanced bioavailability. The role of modifying the thick extract of roots by blending it with microcrystalline cellulose-102 in a ratio of 1:1 has been evaluated; this approach ensures reduced hygroscopicity and improved flowability of the mixture without the loss of the biological activity. The analysis of pharmacotechnological parameters has demonstrated that, according to the Carr classification, the tableting blend corresponds to flowability class I, which allows the use of the direct compression method without prior granulation. The relationships between compression pressure and the physicomechanical quality parameters of tablets have been characterized, and it has been found that optimal characteristics, namely the sufficient mechanical strength, low friability, and acceptable disintegration time are achieved at a compression pressure of 100 ± 1 kN.

Conclusions. It has been demonstrated that the pharmaceutical composition developed on the basis of a solid dispersion of quercetin and a thick extract of carrot roots is technologically justified for producing tablets by the direct compression method. The use of a moderate compression pressure (100 ± 1 kN) has been proven to be optimal, ensuring the proper tablet quality and compliance with the requirements of the SPhU for tablets previously designated as “Carocetin”. The approach proposed is considered to create favorable conditions for increasing the bioavailability of biologically active compounds and can be applied in the further development of combined solid dosage forms with anti-atherogenic properties in the tablet form.

Current trends in the standardization of the quality for phytochemical-directed medicinal products

2026-04-07T11:47:38+03:00

The article discusses theoretical and practical aspects of standardization of medicinal products in pharmacy. The concept of standardization in pharmacy and its purpose, which is to ensure stable quality, safety and effectiveness of medicines, are considered. The importance of the regulatory framework in the process of standardization of medicinal products is emphasized. Examples of regulatory documents (Pharmacopoeias, state and international standards), such as the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.)), the US Pharmacopeia (USP), the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines, are given.

Aim. To determine and provide a comprehensive approach of the features of the drug standardization from the perspective of pharmacognosy, taking into account the principles of pharmacy and pharmacology.

Materials and methods. The materials of the study were the publications of representatives of the domestic pharmacognostic doctrine and the works of foreign scientists. Regulatory documents at the level of the countries of the European Union, the USA, and the WHO have been analyzed. These documents include the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), Monograph 2034 “Herbal Drug Preparations”, the US Pharmacopeia (USP), three regulations (law-making acts) – the WHO Technical Report Series No.1010 (2018), the WHO Guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for Herbal Medicines and the WHO Guidelines for assessing the quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues, which are guiding for use in all member countries of the WHO.

Results. The peculiarities of the drug standardization through the prism of the science of pharmacognosy, as well as related sciences, such as pharmaceuticals and pharmacology, have been determined. It has been found that current standardization trends involve the introduction of innovative technologies, in particular biotechnological methods, pharmacogenomics and artificial intelligence. It has been determined that the standardization of medicinal products can be called a multicomponent process, which differs depending on the boundaries (the WHO or a specific country and its pharmacopoeia) and the purpose of this process, but has as its ultimate goal the creation of uniform, transparent, open standards before obtaining a marketing authorization for a medicinal product, which takes place exclusively within the framework of the legal field.

Conclusions. The standardization of medicinal products is a key process of pharmaceutical control that guarantees their quality, safety and effectiveness. It is based on international and national regulations, such as the European Pharmacopoeia, the US Pharmacopoeia and the WHO Guidelines. Improving standardization methods is the key to increasing the effectiveness and safety of medicines, which, in turn, contributes to improving the quality of medical care.

Evaluation of the market and availability of vaginal gels with aminopeptide complexes for the treatment of HPV-associated diseases

2026-04-07T12:01:36+03:00

The increasing prevalence of papillomavirus infection (HPV) and its role in the development of cervical precancerous and inflammatory diseases cause increased interest in adjunctive and non-invasive approaches to the treatment and prevention of recurrence. Vaginal gels based on aminopeptide complexes occupy a separate segment of the pharmaceutical market and are positioned as agents for the local immunomodulation and stimulation of mucosal regeneration.

Aim. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the market, regulatory status, and affordability of vaginal gels with amino peptide complexes (in particular, alloferon) in Ukraine.

Materials and methods. The content analysis of official websites of manufacturers, pharmacy network websites, and online pharmacies; the comparative price analysis; the analysis of patient information leaflets, scientific publications, and data from scientific databases were applied.

Results. The market for topical agents for the treatment of HPV-associated pathologies is characterized by high heterogeneity by the composition, mechanisms of action, regulatory status, and evidence level. Dysplagel is the one and only product in the study sample that has an aminopeptide complex (aloferon). The declared mechanism of its action is based on the concept of the local peptide immunomodulation using a liposomal delivery system, but the evidence base for its effectiveness is limited mainly to local studies and does not meet the requirements for medicines in accordance with EMA and FDA standards. The analysis has revealed the high cost and significant interregional variability in the prices and availability of the medicinal product studied, which leads to low economic accessibility and an increased risk of treatment discontinuation.

Conclusions. Amino-peptide vaginal gels, in particular aloferon-based products, have the potential for the local immunomodulation in HPV-associated lesions and can be used as an adjunct to active surveillance strategies for low-grade diseases, provided that the principles of evidence-based medicine are followed and patients are properly informed, which makes further research and development in this scientific field relevant.

The methodology for developing a combined gel with the Parmelia sulcata extract for the treatment of wounds and burn injuries

2026-04-07T12:12:41+03:00

Aim. To substantiate the scientific and methodological approach to the development of the composition and technology of a combined gel containing the Parmelia sulcata liquid extract with the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing activity for the complex treatment of wounds and burn injuries based on the results of marketing and analytical studies of the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine.

Materials and methods. Information-analytical, bibliosemantic, and marketing research methods were applied. The data sources included the State Register of Medicines of Ukraine, the “Compendium” reference guide, and publications by domestic and foreign researchers. A comparative analysis of medicinal products by dosage forms, active pharmaceutical ingredients, origin, and manufacturers was performed.

Results. It has been found that among semisolid dosage forms for the treatment of wounds and burns there are predominantly ointments and creams, while the proportion of gels is insignificant, particularly among domestic products. Synthetic component-based products predominate 61.99 %, while combined products and plant-based products account for 18.91 %, and 12.60 %, respectively. There are no gels containing phytosubstances for burn and wound management, indicating an unfilled niche in the market. Biologically active components of Parmelia sulcata exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects, making it a promising active ingredient for a new combined gel.

Conclusions. The expediency of creating a combined gel based on the Parmelia sulcata liquid extract for the local treatment of wounds and burn injuries has been substantiated. The scientific and methodological approach to the development of the composition and technology of a gel with the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing activity has been proposed, forming the basis for further experimental studies.

The global medical cannabis market: current state, technological innovations, and regulatory aspects of development

2026-04-07T12:29:11+03:00

Aim. To analyze the current state and main trends in the development of the global medical cannabis market, taking into account its segmentation, regulatory approaches, and pharmaceutical innovations.

Materials and methods. The study used methods of the secondary data analysis, the content analysis of scientific publications and industry analytical reports, the comparative and structural-logical analysis, as well as methods of generalization and systematization of information to identify key patterns in the development of the medical cannabis market.

Results. It has been found that the global medical cannabis market is characterized by stable growth rates due to the expansion of legislative permission for its use, an increase in demand for alternative treatment methods and the active development of pharmaceutical technologies. It has been determined that innovative dosage forms and cannabinoid delivery systems play a key role in the development of the market, which provide increased bioavailability, dosage accuracy and safety of use. It has been found that the market segmentation by cannabinoid types, routes of administration and therapeutic indications determines the structure of demand and directions of the investment activity. The impact of regulatory mechanisms and the participation of pharmaceutical companies on increasing the level of standardization and trust in medical cannabis products has been assessed.

Conclusions. The described patterns of the medical cannabis market development indicate its gradual integration into modern medical practice, provided that the evidence base is further strengthened, regulatory and legal regulation is harmonized and pharmaceutical quality standards are implemented.

The identification and quantitative determination of amitriptyline by the HPLC-MWD method

2026-04-07T12:39:23+03:00

Aim. To develop the sensitive and specific HPLC-MWD method for the determination of amitriptyline suitable for use in bioanalytical studies in clinical and forensic toxicology.

Materials and methods. The analysis was performed on a “MiLiChrome A-02” microcolumn liquid chromatograph attached to a dual-beam multi-wave UV spectrophotometer under the following conditions: 2×75 mm column ProntoSIL 120-5-C₁₈ AQ, 5 μm; the gradient elution mode with a linear gradient, eluent A (5 % acetonitrile and 95 % perchlorate buffer) to eluent B (100 % acetonitrile) for 40 min, then 100 % eluent B for 3 min; the mobile phase flow rate – 100 μL/min; the thermostat temperature – 40°C; detection was carried out at 8 wavelengths (210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 280, 300 nm).

Results. The retention time of amitriptyline was 22.80 min; the absorbance ratios S_λ/S₂₁₀ were also set as additional option to increase the reliability of identification. The calibration curve was represented by the dependence of a peak area (S, mm²) against concentration (c, μg/μL) and described by the regression equation у = 0.00514 × x. The method showed linearity in the range of 1.0–100.0 μg/mL. The correlation coefficient was lower than 0.99. The LOD and LOQ values were calculated from the parameters of the calibration curve, they were 0.3 μg/mlL and 0.9 μg/mL, respectively. The accuracy and precision of the method developed were determined at three concentration levels (low, middle, high) within one day (intraday); RSD did not exceed 1.0 % across the full concentration range studied when analyzing model solutions.

Conclusions. The sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of amitriptyline using the HPLC-MWD method has been developed. The method meets the requirements set to techniques recommended for use in clinical and forensic toxicology, and it has been confirmed by a number of the validation parameters. The HPLC-MWD method developed can be recommended for implementation into the practice of regional bureaus of forensic medical examination and clinical and diagnostic laboratories of regional drug addiction centers.

The study of the anti-inflammatory activity of a thick lingonberry fruit extract in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model and molecular docking

2026-02-02T16:03:59+02:00

Aim. To assess the anti-inflammatory activity of a concentrated lingonberry fruit extract using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, complemented by the molecular docking analysis.

Materials and methods. The study object was a concentrated lingonberry fruit extract. Molecular docking analyses were conducted using AutoDockTools 1.5.6, and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats.

Results. The theoretical assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity of the lingonberry fruit extract showed that lingonberry anthocyanins, such as cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, blocked three of them highly selectively, such as cyclooxygenase (COX-2), phospholipase A₂ and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and medium-selective nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). No highly selective inhibitor was found among anthocyanins of NF-kB. At the same time, сyanidin-3-glucoside blocked three out four targets, such as COX-2, phospholipase A2, 5-LOX. Although the widely used reference compounds in medicine and research – the synthetic drug diclofenac sodium and the natural flavonoid quercetin – demonstrated the inhibitory activity against pro-inflammatory enzymes, their binding affinities were moderate to low. The molecular docking analysis showed the following binding energy values (kcal/mol) for diclofenac sodium and quercetin: COX-2 (–5.76 and –4.59), phospholipase A₂ (–7.65 and –6.79), 5-LOX (–6.00 and –6.45), and NF-κB (–3.00 and –3.61), respectively. Experimental studies have shown a thick lingonberry fruit extract in the dose of 13.0 mg/kg (calculated with reference to the total anthocyanins expressed as cyanidin-3-glycoside) reduces edema in 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours by 45 %, 35 %, 25 % and 24 %compared to the control group, respectively.

Conclusions. A comprehensive theoretical and experimental study of the anti-inflammatory properties of the lingonberry fruit extract has been conducted using the molecular docking analysis and the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model in vivo. The results in silico demonstrated that lingonberry anthocyanins exhibited a strong binding affinity toward key pro-inflammatory targets, including COX-2, phospholipase A₂, 5-LOX, and NF-κB. The findings in vivo showed that administration of a thick lingonberry fruit extract in the dose of 13.0 mg/kg (calculated with reference to the total anthocyanins expressed as cyanidin-3-glycoside) significantly inhibited inflammatory responses in all phases of the carrageenan-induced paw edema.

The study of the domestic market of antiviral drugs for the pharmacotherapy of complicated influenza in Ukraine

2026-01-31T10:51:25+02:00

Aim. To study the domestic market of antiviral drugs – neuraminidase inhibitors, which are recommended by the clinical treatment protocols for the pharmacotherapy of patients with complicated forms of influenza; to determine their cost aspects and accessibility for the patient.

Materials and methods. The normative and legislative acts and sources of scientific literature on the pharmaceutical component of the treatment of complicated forms of influenza using antiviral drugs, neuraminidase inhibitors (ATC code J05A H), in Ukraine were reviewed. The pharmaceutical market of Ukraine was analyzed in terms of the availability and accessibility of this group of drugs to the population.

Results. Among acute respiratory viral infections, influenza is a key disease among the population in terms of the number of reported cases, severe complications and disability. Severe forms of influenza require inpatient treatment of patients using antiviral drugs. According to the clinical treatment protocol and the WHO recommendations, it is recommended to use neuraminidase inhibitors (J05A H), including Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Laninavir and Piramivir with the activity against various strains of the influenza virus, for the pharmacotherapy of complicated forms of influenza. Neuraminidase inhibitors are represented in the domestic pharmaceutical market of Ukraine by 15 trade names of foreign manufacturers, which indicates complete import dependence and requires the development and introduction of domestic antiviral drugs into production.

Conclusions. Severe forms of influenza can lead to significant complications of the patient’s disease, and, therefore, the use of neuraminidase inhibitors should prevent the occurrence of severe pathological changes in the patient’s body. The most affordable drug for the patient is Oseltamivir, 75 mg, No. 10 manufactured by Strides India, the course of treatment for which in 2026 will be 5 % of the patient’s minimum wage.

The study of the composition of medical first aid kits, which buses, minibuses, and route taxis are equipped with

2026-04-07T13:17:48+03:00

Today the issue of providing pre-medical aid to victims of road traffic accidents is acute, especially when it concerns road accidents involving buses, minibuses and route taxis. In recent years the number of road accidents with casualties or injuries has increased in Ukraine. The main causes of deterioration or loss of health among the injured are untimely or inadequate provision of pre-medical aid.

Aim. To study the composition of medical first aid kits, which buses, minibuses and route taxis are equipped with.

Materials and methods. In the course of the study, methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, logical method, as well as the content analysis were used to examine the composition of medical first aid kits and conduct expert surveys. The expert method was applied to determine the relevance of the research problem and gather the opinions of bus drivers regarding the composition of medical first aid kits that should be available in buses, minibuses and route taxis. A total of 362 divers were surveyed. It represents a statistically significant sample. The drivers’ conclusions were substantiated and confirmed by the corresponding coefficients (concordance coefficient and Pearson coefficient).

Results. The domestic regulatory and legal framework regarding the composition of medical first aid kits, which buses, minibuses and route taxis are to be equipped with, has been analyzed. According to the current regulatory framework, namely DSTU 3961-2000 and Amendment No. 2 to the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 187 “On the Approval of the List of Medical Products in Medical First Aid Kits for Transport Vehicles”, there are two types of medical first aid kits in Ukraine, depending on the number of passengers – AMA-1 and AMA-2. The composition of first aid kits in EU countries (such as Poland and Germany) and the USA has also been studied.

Conclusions. Based on the studies conducted, it has been determined that a medical first aid kit for buses according to the requirements of the Ukrainian legislation is mandatory and its contents must meet all the requirements for providing pre-medical aid. It has been found that the approved composition of medical first aid kits for buses is not complete and requires revision.

The study of the anti-inflammatory effect of thick extracts of Tanacetum parthenium L. herb on the model of acute inflammation

2026-01-20T18:30:32+02:00

Aim. To study the anti-inflammatory properties of newly created extracts of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) on the model of acute inflammation – zymosan-induced paw edema in rats.

Materials and methods. The work investigated the thick extracts of Tanacetum parthenium L.: lipophilic (chloroform) – LETP and hydrophilic (hydroalcoholic) – HETP. To study the anti-inflammatory effect of LETP and HETP, a model of paw edema in rats (subplantar injection of 2 % zymosan solution into the left hind limb) was used. Thirty (30) white non-linear sexually mature male rats with an initial weight of 160-180 g were used. The animals were divided into 5 groups: the first – control pathology (CP), the animals of which received the solvent (distilled water), the second and third – animals received intragastric HETP and LETP in the dose of 50 mg/kg. The fourth and fifth groups of animals, respectively, received intragastric reference drugs – quercetin granules in the dose of 200 mg/kg and diclofenac sodium tablets in the dose of 5 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory effect of the drugs was assessed by inhibiting the development of the limb edema in dynamics (for 0.5, 1, 2, 3 hours) compared to animals of the control pathology group. The foot volume was determined using a plethysmometer (PanLab LE7500, Spain).

Results. HETP showed almost the same anti-inflammatory effect throughout the entire study period (30.6–39.2 %), in the first 30 min – at the level of 36.6 % (p < 0.05), during the prostaglandin phase – 39.2 % (p < 0.05). This dynamics of the anti-inflammatory effect of HETP probably indicates the ability of the biologically active substances of the extract to inhibit both the release of leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Compared with other agents studied, LETP showed the lowest anti-inflammatory effect throughout the entire study period (at the level of 14.3 %).

Conclusions. The results obtained regarding the severity of the anti-inflammatory activity of HETP determined in the dynamics on the zymosan-induced inflammation model indicate that its implementation has the inhibitory effect on the release of inflammatory mediators, in particular, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. LETP showed the least anti-inflammatory effect throughout the entire study period. Taking into account the above, HETP was chosen for further research as showing both analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.

The antidepressive activity of tablets containing the dry peony root extract, L-tryptophan, and glycine in the model of reserpine-induced depression in rats

2026-02-12T00:12:15+02:00

Aim. To study the antidepressive properties of new combined tablets containing the dry peony root extract, L-tryptophan, and glycine in the model of reserpine-induced depression in rats.

Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 40 white outbred male rats weighing 200–250 g. A depression-like state was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of reserpine (4 mg/kg). The test drug was administered transbuccally in the dose of 35 mg/kg for four days. Imipramine (15 mg/kg) was used as a reference drug. The antidepressive activity was assessed by measuring rectal temperature, blepharoptosis, behavior in the open field test, and performance in the Porsolt forced swimming test. The statistical processing was performed using the Student’s t-test with significance set at p ≤ 0.05.

Results. The reserpine administration caused the development of typical depression-like manifestations, including hypothermia, pronounced blepharoptosis, reduced locomotor and exploratory activity, and increased immobility duration in the forced swimming test. The test drug significantly attenuated hypothermia and reduced the severity of blepharoptosis. In the open field test, a partial restoration of the locomotor and exploratory activity was observed compared to the pathology control group. In the Porsolt test, the latency to immobility significantly increased by 14 %, while the total and mean immobility duration decreased by 34 % and 44 %, respectively (p < 0.05). The results observed may be due to the combined action of the drug components: L-tryptophan as a serotonin precursor, glycine as a modulator of the glutamatergic neurotransmission and a neuroprotective agent, as well as biologically active compounds of the peony extract with the potential sedative and neuromodulatory activity.

Conclusions. The new combined tablets containing the dry peony root extract, L-tryptophan, and glycine demonstrate the antidepressive-like activity in rats in the reserpine-induced depression model. The drug significantly attenuates the major behavioral and somato-vegetative manifestations of the depressive state although its effect is less pronounced than that of imipramine. These findings substantiate the feasibility of further preclinical studies.

Obtaining and studying the composition of the common horehound herb water extract

2026-04-07T15:04:16+03:00

Aim. To carry out a preliminary study of the phytochemical composition of the water extract of common horehound (Marrubium vulgare) herb using chemical reactions and physicochemical methods.

Materials and methods. The study object was the crushed herb of common horehound. The extraction was performed with purified water by infusion in a water bath followed by cooling. The analytical studies were carried out using the appropriate identification reactions, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on Silica gel 60 chromatographic plates (Merck), and the spectrophotometric analysis was performed on an Evolution 60s spectrophotometer using reagents meeting the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU).

Results. Chemical reactions confirmed the presence of substances with the flavonoid structure, phenols, tannins, and carbohydrates in the common horehound herb water extract. Using the TLC method, tannins that were similar in structure to pyrogallol, polysaccharides that were similar in structure to fructose, flavonoids, most of which were similar to rutin, and hydroxycinnamic acids, most of which were similar to chlorogenic acid, were identified.

Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and polysaccharides have been identified in the common horehound water extract using color reactions and the TLC method. The spectrophotometric analysis has shown that the extraction of the raw material with water gives the yield of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds. The results obtained confirm the prospects for further research aimed at developing the technology of the water extract and the feasibility of its further pharmacological study as a potential source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

The study of antiatherogenic properties of a new combined agent based on the carrot root thick extract and quercetin on the model of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits

2026-04-07T15:16:47+03:00

Aim. To study antiatherogenic properties of a new combined agent based on the carrot root thick extract and quercetin on the model of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits.

Materials and methods. Experimental atherosclerosis was reproduced by oral administration of an oil solution of cholesterol in the dose of 0.3 g/kg to rabbits for 3 months. A combined agent based on the carrot root thick extract and quercetin in the dose of 200 mg/kg and reference drugs simvastatin tablets in the dose of 5 mg/kg, nicotinic acid tablets in the dose of 180 mg/kg, and “Ravisol” tincture (Visci albi сormi et folia; Equiseti arvensis herba; Sophora japonica fructus; Hippocastani semina; Crataegi fructus; Trifolii flores; Vincae minoris hеrbа) in the dose of 360 mg/kg were administered in a therapeutic and prophylactic mode once daily during the reproduction of the pathology for 3 months. The antiatherogenic effect of the agents was assessed by the content of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, HDL-C in the blood serum and the atherogenicity coefficient.

Results. It was found that the combined agent based on the carrot root thick extract and quercetin when administered for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes exhibited pronounced antiatherogenic properties, which were indicated by a statistically significant decrease in total cholesterol by 38.3 %, triglycerides by 37.4 %, and LDL-C by 45.7 %, respectively, and, at the same time, an increase in the HDL-C content by 27.6 % and a decrease in the atherogenicity coefficient by 2.9 times compared to the control pathology group. The mechanism of action includes hypolipidemic, hypoglyceridemic, and hypocholesterolemic effects, in which the combined agent does not differ from simvastatin tablets and surpasses nicotinic acid tablets and combined herbal preparation – “Ravisol” tincture.

Conclusions. When rabbits were administered cholesterol for 3 months, significant changes in the lipid spectrum of the blood serum were observed, indicating the development of atherogenic disorders. The combined agent based on the carrot root thick extract and quercetin, with therapeutic and preventive administration against the background of a cholesterol diet shows pronounced antiatherogenic properties at the level of the hypolipidemic agent – simvastatin tablets. The results obtained substantiate the feasibility of further pharmacological studies of a combined agent based on the carrot root thick extract and quercetin as a promising antiatherogenic drug.

The analysis of digital marketing strategies for dietary supplements on the example of Ukrainian and international brands

2026-04-07T15:28:30+03:00

Aim. To analyze digital marketing strategies for dietary supplements on the example of Ukrainian and international brands.

Materials and methods. To assess the current state of digital marketing, the content analysis of the official Instagram and TikTok pages of three brands of dietary supplements was conducted. They are two Ukrainian dietary supplement brands – “PERLA HELSA” and “BIOTUS”, as well as the international “NOW FOODS”. To assess the effectiveness of online marketing tools, 104 recent publications were analyzed. The effectiveness of social media posts was determined by the level of engagement. To test the statistical significance of differences between the groups, the one-way analysis of variance and Welch’s t-test were used. To assess the representation in the search space, the results of Google organic and paid search for a number of relevant queries were analyzed.

Results. There is a steady upward trend in the share of short video formats (Reels, TikTok videos), which provide the highest average engagement rate (0.374 %), and it is statistically significantly different from static posts and carousels (p = 0.0135). It has been found that the presence of images of people in the frame has a significant positive impact on the audience engagement since publications with them have a statistically significantly higher average ER (0.405 %) compared to those where they are absent (0.200 %, p < 0.001). It has been found that the informational and educational content have the highest engagement rates (0.379 % and 0.319 %, respectively). Search engines have identified a multi-channel approach with a combination of the SEO optimization, paid advertising and visual search results. Organic search results provide a more stable presence.

Conclusions. It has been found that effective digital marketing of dietary supplements is based on short video formats that increase engagement in educational and informational content using images of people to build trust. In search engine promotion, the system SEO optimization plays a key role along with paid tools.

The employee Net Promoter Score (eNPS) as a tool for HR governance in a pharmacy chain

2026-04-07T15:41:26+03:00

The article presents the results of an empirical study of the level of the staff organizational loyalty in large pharmacy chains using the employee Net Promoter Score (eNPS).

Aim. To assess the level of loyalty and engagement of the pharmacy chain staff using the eNPS and identify organizational factors that affect employees’ willingness to recommend the company to others in order to improve HR governance.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the results of an anonymous online survey of employees of three large pharmacy chains (n = 4927) using quantitative (10- and 5-point scales, eNPS) and qualitative analysis methods. A comparative analysis was conducted by job position (managers/pharmacists), the work experience, and age categories. The results were interpreted within the concepts of employee engagement, HR governance, and the Job Demands–Resources model.

Results. The results indicate a moderately positive level of the organizational loyalty (eNPS > 0) with a predominance of loyal and neutral respondents, as well as a significant differentiation in indicators depending on the position and the work experience. The highest eNPS values were observed among the management personnel, while pharmacists, especially those with 1–10 years of experience, showed the lowest levels of loyalty, psychological safety, and trust, indicating the presence of a “mid-career crisis” and increased risks of burnout and the staff turnover. Working conditions, work schedules, the teamwork atmosphere, and the managerial support were mostly positively assessed, but the pharmacy staff showed a higher sensitivity to the operational burden and limited career opportunities. Internal communication and corporate values were identified as the strengths of the organizational model.

Conclusions. The HR governance system in pharmacy chains provides the basic organizational stability and maintains the continuity of pharmaceutical care. At the same time, management risks associated with the varying levels of the staff involvement depending on the experience and position have been identified. It justifies the necessity to implement differentiated HR interventions aimed at the staff retention and human capital development.

The importance of preclinical studies for the drug safety assessment and the pharmacovigilance system

2026-03-06T11:03:32+02:00

Aim. To analyze the essence, types and methodological approaches of preclinical studies, as well as their role in forming the drug safety profile and supporting the pharmacovigilance system.

Materials and methods. Regulatory documents, international standards and scientific publications concerning preclinical studies and their significance in the drug safety assessment and the functioning of the pharmacovigilance system were reviewed.

Results. Preclinical studies are essential for assessing the safety of medicinal products as they provide data on the mechanisms of action, effects on vital organs and the toxicological profile. Their results are extrapolated to humans taking into account interspecific differences. Compliance with Good Laboratory Practice principles in safety and toxicity studies guarantees the reliability and reproducibility of the data obtained. Within the pharmacovigilance system, preclinical studies play an important role as they allow us to identify new risks, clarify the mechanisms underlying suspected adverse reactions, confirm or refute safety signals, and evaluate causal relationships when clinical data are limited. They also help determine potential class effects, target organs of toxicity and supplement information on risks that cannot be studied in humans for ethical reasons. Thus, preclinical models remain an important tool for forming the safety profile and supporting regulatory decision-making.

Conclusions. Preclinical studies are a key component in assessing the safety of medicinal products and the functioning of the pharmacovigilance system. They form the basis for predicting risks, support the interpretation of post-marketing safety signals and are used in regulatory decision-making. Further technological development will strengthen their role while gradually expanding the potential of alternative models aimed at reducing the use of animals in research.

Modern approaches to the evaluation of mechanical medical devices for stopping bleeding (tourniquets) for use in combat conditions

2026-02-11T11:52:48+02:00

Traumatic bleeding remains the leading preventable cause of deaths on the battlefield. Mechanical tourniquets are a key part of pre-medical care in both tactical and civilian medicine. At the same time, the variety of models, differences in design, and variability in application conditions make it necessary to have a standardized, comprehensive, and evidence-based evaluation of these medical devices (MD). A promising tool for solving this problem is health technology assessment (HTA) approaches adapted to the specificities of the military environment.

Aim. To substantiate a comprehensive HTA-based approach to evaluating tactical mechanical tourniquets, which can be used to make informed management decisions regarding the approval of MD for use in tactical and civilian medicine, budget-funded procurement, etc.

Materials and methods. The study was conducted using the HTA methodology as an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of tactical tourniquets. The source materials were scientific publications, international recommendations and protocols (in particular, CoTCCC), standards and regulatory documents of the FDA, EU MDR, ISO, as well as national regulatory and methodological acts of Ukraine in the field of the medical device evaluation. Analytical-descriptive, comparative, and structural-logical methods were used.

Results. The application of HTA as an interdisciplinary methodological basis for the comprehensive assessment of mechanical tourniquets in the Ukrainian healthcare system, taking into account the conditions of martial law, has been substantiated. The key HTA domains for tactical tourniquets have been identified, including functional and clinical effectiveness, safety, mechanical reliability, ergonomics, compliance with international standards, economic feasibility, and post-marketing surveillance. Particular attention is paid to the role of real-world data and the military medicine experience in forming the evidence base. An HTA matrix for evaluating mechanical tourniquets and an algorithm for making managerial decisions have been proposed. It has been shown that the integration of НТА with regulatory requirements and public procurement mechanisms ensures scientifically sound selection, standardization, and the rational use of tourniquets, contributing to improved safety, quality, and cost-effectiveness of medical care.

Conclusions. A comprehensive assessment of mechanical tourniquets cannot be limited to technical or laboratory tests alone. It should include the analysis of biomechanical effectiveness (in particular, the achievement of arterial occlusion pressure), clinical effectiveness based on real combat injury registries, cost-effectiveness assessment, and operational suitability in extreme conditions of use. The use of the HTA approach provides a scientifically sound basis for making managerial decisions in the military medical support system and contributes to the more efficient use of resources in the defense and healthcare sectors.