Development of the UV-spectrophotometric and extraction-spectrophotometric methods of the atomoxetine quantitative determination suitable for the chemical and toxicological analysis

Authors

  • L. Yu. Tomarovska National University of Pharmacy, Ukraine
  • S. V. Baiurka National University of Pharmacy, Ukraine
  • S. A. Karpushyna National University of Pharmacy, Ukraine

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24959/nphj.17.2191

Keywords:

atomoxetine, UV-spectrophotometry, extraction spectrophotometry in the visible region of the spectrum

Abstract

The acute and lethal antidepressant poisonings have the tendency to grow, therefore, development of the methods for its chemical and toxicological analysis is a topical issue.

Aim. To develop and validate the methods for the quantitative determination of atomoxetine, an antidepressant, using available and widely spread methods in the chemical and toxicological analysis practice, such as UV spectrophotometry and extraction-spectrophotometry in the visible region of the spectrum with methyl orange, an acidic azo dye.

Materials and methods. Absorbance values of the solutions in the UV and visible regions of the spectrum were measured on a SF-46 spectrophotometer (LOMO), the spectral measurement range was from 190 to 1100 nm. The standard solution of atomoxetine in 0.1 M hydrocloric acid (300 μg/ml) was used for the UV spectrophotometric study, and the standard solution of atomoxetine in water (150 μg/ml) was used for the extraction spectrophotometry in the visible region.

Results and discussion. The calibration curve for the UV spectrophotometric method was described by the equation of y = (0.00455 ± 4 · 10-5)x + (0.016 ± 0.005); linearity was observed within the atomoxetine concentration range of 15.0-210 μg/ml; LOD and LOQ were 1.8 μg/ml and 5.6 μg/ml, respectively. The calibration curve for the extraction spectrophotometric method was described by the equation of y = (0.00808 ± 5 · 10-5)x; linearity was observed within the atomoxetine concentrations of 15.0-150.0 μg in a sample; LOD and LOQ were 1.4 μg and 4.3 μg in a sample, respectively.

Conclusions. The methods developed for the quantitative determination of atomoxetine using the UV-spectrophotometric method and extraction spectrophotometry in the visible region of the spectrum satisfy the requirements set to the methods recommended for use in the forensic toxicology, and it has been confirmed by the validation characteristics.

Author Biographies

L. Yu. Tomarovska, National University of Pharmacy

teaching assistant of the Physical and Colloid Chemistry Department

S. V. Baiurka, National University of Pharmacy

Doctor of Pharmacy (Dr. habil.), associate professor, head of the Drug and Analytical Toxicology Department

S. A. Karpushyna, National University of Pharmacy

Candidate of Chemistry (Ph.D.), associate professor of the Drug and Analytical Toxicology Department

References

Treuer, T., Gau, S. S.–F., Méndez, L., Montgomery, W., Monk, J. A., Altin, M., Dueñas, H. J. (2013). A Systematic Review of Combination Therapy with Stimulants and Atomoxetine for Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Including Patient Characteristics, Treatment Strategies, Effectiveness, and Tolerability. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 23 (3), 179–193. doi: 10.1089/cap.2012.0093

Paxton, G. A., Cranswick, N. E. (2008). Acute suicidality after commencing atomoxetine. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 44 (10), 596–598. doi: 10.1111/j.1440–1754.2008.01389.x

Garside, D., Ropero–Miller, J. D., Riemer, E. C. (2006). Postmortem Tissue Distribution of Atomoxetine Following Fatal and Nonfatal Doses–Three Case Reports. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51 (1), 179–182. doi: 10.1111/j.1556–4029.2005.00021.x

Moffat, A. C., Osselton, M. D., Widdop B., Clarke, E. G. C. (2011). Clarke’s analysis of drugs and poisons in pharmaceuticals, body fluids and postmortem material, (4–th ed.). London, Chicago : Pharmaceutical Press, 2736.

Patel, C., Patel, M., Rani, S., Nivsarkar, M., Padh, H. (2007). A new high performance liquid chromatographic method for quantification of atomoxetine in human plasma and its application for pharmacokinetic study. Journal of Chromatography B, 850 (1–2), 356–360. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.011

Guo, W., Li, W., Guo, G., Zhang, J., Zhou, B., Zhai, Y., Wang, C. (2007). Determination of atomoxetine in human plasma by a high performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection using liquid–liquid extraction. Journal of Chromatography B, 854 (1–2), 128–134. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.007

Zhu, H.–J., Wang, J.–S., Donovan, J. L., DeVane, C. L., Gibson, B. B., Markowitz, J. S. (2007). Sensitive quantification of atomoxetine in human plasma by HPLC with fluorescence detection using 4–(4,5–diphenyl–1H–imidazole–2–yl) benzoyl chloride derivatization. Journal of Chromatography B, 846 (1–2), 351–354. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.08.019

Appel, D. I., Brinda, B., Markowitz, J. S., Newcorn, J. H., Zhu, H.–J. (2012). A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for the analysis of atomoxetine in human plasma andin vitrocellular samples. Biomedical Chromatography, 26 (11), 1364–1370. doi: 10.1002/bmc.2706

Zeng, H., Yang, R., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Qu, L. (2014). Capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemiluminescence for determination of atomoxetine hydrochloride and the study on its interactions with three proteins. Luminescence, 30 (2), 124–130. doi: 10.1002/bio.2700

Jickells, S., Negrusz, A. (2008). Clarke’s Analytical Forensic Toxicology. London : Pharmaceutical Press. 648.

Vergeichik, T. Kh. (2009). Toksikologicheskaia khimiia. Moscow : MEDpress–inform, 400.

12. Guidance for the Validation of Analytical Methodology and Calibration of Equipment used for Testing of Illicit Drugs in Seized Materials and Biological Specimens. (2009). New York : United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Vienna), 67.

Tomarovska, L. Y., Baiurka, S. V., Karpushyna, S. A. (2017). Development of the methods for atomoxetine identification suitable for the chemical and toxicological analysis. Vìsnik Farmacìï, 2 (90), 13–20. doi: 10.24959/nphj.17.2154

Bolotov, V. V., Sviechnikova, O. M., Kolisnyk, S. V., Zhukova, T. V., Sych, Yu. V., Dynnyk, K. V., Zarechenskyi, M. A., Mykytenko, O. Ye., Hryzodub, O. I., Terno, I. S. (2004). Analitychna khimiia. Kharkiv: NUPh, 480.

15. Derzhavna Farmakopeia Ukrainy, 1-st ed. (2008). Kharkiv: Naukovo–ekspertnyi farmakopeinyi tsentr, 620.

16. SOFT/AAFS Forensic Laboratory Guidelines. (2006). Available at: http://www.soft–tox.org/files/Guidelines_2006_Final.pdf

Downloads

Published

2017-12-04

Issue

No. 4(92) (2017)

Section

Synthesis and Analysis of Biologically Active Substances

License

Copyright (c) 2017 National University of Pharmacy

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).