• unreliability or invalidity of the reported data, whether resulting from unintentional errors (e.g., methodological or statistical errors) or deliberate misconduct;
• intentional falsification, fabrication, or manipulation of research data, images, or results;
• plagiarism, including the appropriation of ideas, texts, findings, or parts thereof without proper acknowledgment of the original source;
• improper, non-transparent, or undisclosed use of artificial intelligence technologies in the preparation of the manuscript;
• duplicate publication (self-plagiarism) or submission of identical or substantially similar materials to different journals without appropriate disclosure;
• concealment or inadequate disclosure of a potential conflict of interest that may affect the interpretation of the results;
• violations of research ethics standards, including those related to studies involving human participants, animals, or confidential data;
• other serious breaches of the Journal’s editorial policy or internationally recognized standards of publication ethics.

Retraction Procedure

The retraction procedure is transparent, documented, and aimed at preserving the integrity of the scholarly record. It includes the following stages:

• initiation of the review by the Editorial Board, reviewers, authors, or third parties through the submission of reasoned information concerning possible violations;
• conduct of an internal investigation by the Editorial Board, with the involvement of independent experts where necessary;
• provision of an opportunity for the authors to respond to the identified concerns;
• adoption by the Editorial Board of a reasoned decision on the necessity of retraction, correction, or other appropriate editorial action;
• official notification of the authors and, where appropriate, the institutions with which they are affiliated.

A retraction notice shall be published in the next available issue of the Journal and posted on the Journal’s official website. Such notice must contain a clear and reasoned explanation of the grounds for retraction, including, where applicable, identification of the responsible parties.

The full text of a retracted article shall not be removed from the electronic archive but shall remain available in the interest of transparency and preservation of the integrity of the scholarly record. At the same time, it shall be clearly marked as retracted (for example, with the label “Retracted”) and accompanied by a link to the official retraction notice in order to prevent further improper use or citation.